Pages 29-49;

"Ate cold beans they'd cooked days ago"-(page 29) Telescoping through time.
"Late in the year"-(page 29) Telescoping through time.
"Where once he'd watched trout swaying in the current"- (page 30) References to time before (flashbacks)
"They set out again in the morning"-(page 30) Passage of time.
"He woke towards the morning"- (page 31) Passage of time.
"A few miles each day" (page 32) Telescoping through time.
"Dark of the invisible moon"-(page 32) Time expands.
"Within a year"- (page 33) Telescoping through time.
"Tomorrow came and went" (page 33) Telescoping through time.
"And then one evening he stopped and looked all about..."- (page 33) Time expands.
"Where he stood once with his own father in a winter long ago"-(page 34) References to a time before (flashbacks).
"In the morning they pressed on" -(page 34) Passage of time.
"They slogged all day..."- (page 35) Telescoping through time.
"It took four more days to come down from the snow..."-(page 37) Telescoping through time.
"Then it returned" -(page 38) Time expanding/a more abstract reference to time.
"They were all day reaching the river"-(page 38) Telescoping through time.
"It's getting colder every day"-(page 42) Time expanding.
"The tree had been there for years"-(page 45). More abstract reference to time.

Passage of the days:
"In the evening" pg 92
"In the morning" pg 93
"He woke in the morning" pg 95
"In the afternoon" pg 98
"Eternal blackness" pg 101
"Blackness... darkness..." pg 102
"When day broke" pg 103
"Within the hour" pg 110


Markers in the year:
"It could be November" pg 93
"Snow" - winter - pg 100


Telescoped time:
"In the evening... tomorrow... dark of night" pg 92 - all in one paragraph

"They might have covered three miles" pg 107
"They'd had no food and little sleep in five days" pg 111



Time expands:
 
Before (flash backs):
"He'd had this feeling before" pg 93
"He'd seen it all before" pg 94


Suspended time:
"The snow fell nor did it cease to fall" pg 101

abstract references:

Other:
"In time to wink out forever" pg 93
"It takes a long time" pg 106
"In the early dawn at latest. Running the road in the night" pg 108
"We probably don't have much time" pg 109

Handling of time - Pg 113-133
Passage of days
‘In the night’ – p121
‘it was almost light enough to see’ – 123
‘The boy wouldn’t wake for hours’ – p124
‘He lay there a long time’ – p129
‘They spent the afternoon’ – p131
‘He wondered if it was even midnight’ – 133
‘By evening’ – p133
Telescoped time
‘...rose and set out.
He came across the barn...’ – p124
‘Afternoon... evening...light draw down over the world’ – in one paragraph p131
‘He was gone longer than he’d meant to be’ – gives an indication of time flying p130
Expanded narrative time
‘It was as long night as he could remember out of a great plenty of such nights...dawn was a long time coming...after a while it was day’ – gives a sense of expanded time p132
Before and flashbacks
‘Lingering odour of cows... and he realized they were extinct’ – p127
‘nothing in his memory anywhere of anything so good’ – p130
Abstract references
‘When the time comes? When the time comes there will be no time. Now is the time.’ – p120
‘Phantoms not heard from in a thousand years rousing from their sleep’ – p122
Other
‘He would have ample time later to think about that’ – shows there are no deadlines/rushing p113
‘No time to look’ – contrasts to above quote, shows how we perceive time differs depending on our situation p117
‘stopping to rest each fifty counted steps’ – shows a new way of making references to time; whereas we might say every 5 minutes, the man uses steps as an indication of passing time p123

Pages 155-175

'He followed the man back and forth across the lawn' (Page 155) - Time is being expanded
'It took a long time' (Page 155) - Passage of time
'While the boy slept' (Page 156) - Passage of time
'The town had been abandoned years ago' (Page 157) - References to the past.
'In the night he was wakened by the muted patter of rain' (Page 162) - Passage of time
'They spent the day eating and sleeping' (Page 164) - Telescoping through time
'Impossible to tell what time of the day he was looking at' (Page 164) - Abstract reference to time
'The day was brief, hardly a day at all' (Page 164) - Telescoping through time.
'By dark the rain had ceased' (Page 164) - Passage of time
'They sat for a long time' (Page 167) - Expanding time
'In the long gray dusk' (Page 169) - Passage of time
'They followed him for a while' (Page 171) - Expanding time
Handling of Time (Page 176-196)
‘When did you eat last?’ ‘I don’t know.’ ‘You don’t remember.’
This shows the reader that there is no reason for people on the road to remember when they have eaten as they have no reason to plan meals. We only plan meals today because our day follows a set routine and we eat to keep up with this. On the road however, day and night have almost become one due to the ash and dust that falls, blocking out the sun. They have no concept of time and no reason for it so all they can really distinguish between is day and night so it is easy to imagine how a person could lose track of the days as they are all the same; as long as they are alive, they have no reason to remember when or what they eat.
‘How old are you?’
Similarly to the food, the old man is unable to truthfully recall his age as there is no reason for him to know it and no reminder of the date. Time and day are hypothetical things created by humans to gain a routine in life. However, mankind is dying out and everybody lives in the moment and has no cause to plan ahead, unless people meticulously count each day then it would be impossible to tell precisely when a year has passed and even if someone did work it out, what would be the point? It’s hardly like they’re going to celebrate. McCarthy uses the old man as an example to show that in the novel, the reader can never be certain as to how much time has passed, as the characters have no idea either.
‘How long have you been on the road?’ ‘I’ve always been on the road.’
Once again, in this section, McCarthy uses the dialogue between two characters to make the reader question the necessity of time; the fact that the man can’t actually remember how long he has been on the road for suggests that time is insignificant. The way that the man says he has always been on the road would suggest that time is standing still for these people. McCarthy handles time simply by putting a halt to it to show that it is just another thing on the road which is dying.
‘People were always getting ready for tomorrow. I didn’t believe in that. Tomorrow wasnt getting ready for them.’
This quote is suggesting that for all the care we take over time, it doesn’t care about us. It is telling the reader that all the worry we have over keeping to a schedule is ridiculous because time is a made up thing and isn’t going to alter itself to suit us. All the people who worried and invested plans in the future, ironically, weren’t actually as prepared for the next day as they could have been where as those who take each day as it comes are surviving still as they had no expectations and don’t need time to rule their lives.
‘In the morning the stood in the road’
McCarthy gives the reader absolutely no idea what time in the morning they are talking about to once again highlight the lack of importance time holds for people on the road. All they have to go by is the road; they walk along it when it is light enough and sleep when it isn’t, to them it is completely irrelevant what time it is as they have no goals in life other than to get to the sea as quickly as possible with no real aim when they get there, meaning that they can take as long as they need to.
‘In the early afternoon’McCarthy uses slightly more detail in this section. This could be because this is the first time phrase used since they left the old man alone in the road so the man and they boy are paying more attention to time as they are feeling guilty, wondering where the old man is and how long he has been left on his own for.
‘In the night he woke in the cold dark’
McCarthy uses this phrase to lead onto ‘coughing and he coughed till his chest was raw’ to fit in with the image that cold dark night quite often symbolise death, something that we know is imminent for the man but the way the author associates it with time suggests that his time is running out quickly.
‘You said it would last a few weeks’ ‘I know.’ ‘But it’s just been a few days.’
This back up the previous quote in suggesting that time is speeding up and things are going a lot quicker than the man and the boy expected them to.
‘He’d slept little in weeks.’
This shows McCarthy skipping through time to move the novel on but also showing the rapid declination of the man’s health, he gets several weeks worse in the few seconds it takes the reader to read it, to emphasize the point.


Pages 197-217
References to the passage of the day:
'Early the day following'

Markers in the year:
'Three days. Four.'

Passages in which narrative time is telescoped:
'The following day'

Points at which narrative time expands:
P.g. 197- 'When three men stepped from behind a truck'- time expands because there is suddenly a lot more detail than the narrator usually gives; this is because it's a tense, potentially dangerous situation but also could be because it's a break from their monotonous daily lives, so every moment is taken in.

References to before:
P.g. 199- The man dreams of the past in which he visited a half destoyed library.

Points at which time is suspended:
During the mans dreams on p.g. 199.

Abstract references to time:
'They had not gone far'- The novel's characters use distance instead of time as a way to measure their progress, since time is now meaningless but their journey is vital to their survival.


Handling of time pg 218-238

Page 226: 'They stayed in the house for four days eating and sleeping'. Time is contracted into a short paragraph.
Page 229: 'Long days.' Time has suddenly moved on, we cannot tell whether it is days or weeks.
Page 230: 'An hour later...' Chronological order.
Page 233: 'With dark they built a fire.' Shows the turning of day to night.
Page 235: 'In the morning...' Chronological order.
Page 219-224: Several pages devoted to a short time, less than half an hour. Every little detail is told.
Page 228-229: Time goes very fast, one second they are at the abandoned house and in the next paragraph they are standing in a supermarket. Then it skips to 'Long days' and we cannot tell whether is has been days or weeks or months.
Page 234: Flashback, 'he remembered walking once on such a night...' he is comparing his old beach memories to his experiences on the beach now. He is remembering a better time. This is significant because flashbacks occur throughout the novel as a running theme.
Time- Pages 260-280

References to the passage of Time...

1) "He fixed dinner" could suggest evening time p. 261
2) "He loaded the flarepistol and as soon as it was dark" p.262
3) "In the morning" p.263
4) "He held him all night" p.265
5) "In the evening he opened a can of soup" p. 266
6) "...the fire had died down almost to ash and it was a black night" p.266
7) "The boy slept all day" p.267
8) "He tried to stay awake all night" p.267
9) "It rained briefly in the night" p. 268
10) "When he woke again" "Grey daylight" p.268
11) "In two days time" p.270
12) "They went on. It was already late in the day and it wa another hour and deep into the long dusk" P. 273
13) " ...stood there in the cold and gathering dark" p. 278
14) "In the morning" p.279
15) "he woke that night" p.279
16) "In three days" p.280

Markers in the year...

1) "The wintery dawn was coming" p. 266- This suggests that the months are later in the year. We depend on hints like the weather and how McCarthy describes the sceneary to establish/ estimate what time of the year it is.

2) "The earth itself contracting with the cold" p.279 This tells us that it is winter time or maybe the Earths condidtion is just becoming even worse so it is getting colder. Either suggestion could tell us that the novel has moved to the winter months of the year.

3) "What time of year?" p.279 This contradicts the hints of what time of year it is, because the man and the boy do not even know, so it is impossible to be certain what time of year it is.

Narrative time is telescoped...

1) "In three days they came to a small port town"- This passage of time has no mention of what may have happened within those three days,which creates confusion as the reader wonders why this passage of time has gone quicker than others as McCarthy often describes the days/nights events.

2) "In two days' time they were walking the beach as far as the headland and back"- Again time has passed quickly as we do not get any description of what has happened within those two days.

Points at which Narrative time expands...

The shooting of the Road Rat and the stealing of their possessions is an example of Narrative time expanding. This is too build up the tension of what The man will do to him. Also the narrative time could be expanded to show the true character of The man, and how The boy reacts to his fathers actions. The event goes for seven pages. McCarthy may have done this to show the raw emotions of the boy and how his fathers action have shaped and changed his view of him.

Points at which time seems to be suspended...

When The boy and The man are looking for their stolen cart, time seems to be suspended "They went on. It was already late in the day and it was another hour into the long dusk" the words "Another" and "long" create a sense of time going slowly. This creates tension as the reader wonders if they will find their cart as time seems to be running out for them before it starts to get dark. McCarthy suspends time here to build up tension, "They went on." makes it seem like they have been searching of their cart for a long time. This suspends time because we as the readers want them to get their belongings back, but it appears to be taking a while to find the thief so we start to doubt id they will find it.

When the boy becomes ill, time seems susupended. ""You have to stay near, he said. You have to be quick. So you can be with him. Hold him close. Last day of the earth" Time appears to be suspended becasue the we can sense that the man is worried for the boy, and it seems like he is getting worse so time has slowed down and is hanging on to this tense moment. The mans speech also creates suspended time as it appears like he is trying to prepare himself for the worst, which creates more tension.
Pages 302-307
Reference to before-'Once there were brook trout in the streams in the mountains' page 306
Time seems to be suspended and more abstract view of time- 'On their backs were vermiculate patterns that were maps of the world in its becoming' page 307
Time is telescoped 'He cried for a long time' page 306
Time seems suspended 'You could see them standing in the amber current where the white edges of their fins wimpled softly in the flow' page 307

Question 27.
McCarthy tells the story between pages 56-81 of the road using an omniscient third person narrator, he uses a free indirect style in novel form.The first paragraph introduces the post apocalyptic style through the phrase 'birth in grief and ashes' this implies death, destruction and tragedy.McCarthy then goes on to talk about time within this section, he says 'there is no later. this is later' which implies ideas that time posses no significance now. As the reader could have implied that it is non-existent within the two character's lives. Time has effectively disappeared in the same way the world did.McCarthy opens with a reference to the mans wife, 'will you tell him goodbye' this let the reader know there is a flashback and a corrupt sense of time. We know it's a flashback as his wife is mentioned and as the section goes on further she isn't in their lives anymore. When the woman is gone the boy simply says 'she's gone isn't she?', it's as if he never cared for her much in the first place, he doesn't seem hurt by the news. Therefore the novel is known as being non-oedipal as the boy has no desire to still be with his mother when she leaves them. As the mother is not in the present we get the impression McCarthy used her death to symbolise the loss of hope within the world. McCarthy uses non-linear flashback's for example when the boy is born, this flashback is important as it is one of the only times McCarthy state's the boy as the man's 'son'.
Throughout the section McCarthy writes in a post modern effect, 'Her cries meant nothing to him. Beyond the window just the gathering cold, the fires on the horizon'. McCarthy deliberately uses short, simple sentences, by doing this he elevates the post modern style.The lack of punctuation gives an unsettling read, it is as if the lack of punctuation represents the lack of order within the world, everything is corrupt. McCarthy proceeds into a conversation between the man and the boy, 'did you have friends?' yes. i did.' He again uses the post modern style as the reader has to infer who is talking, we don't know for sure.He also has a low cultured style and makes references to the seventies zombie horror with 'were the walking dead in a horror film' this links to the classic horror film dawn of the dead.

As the road rat is introduced McCarthy expands their conversations and describing him to the reader. This shows the tension within the section as McCarthy uses long sentences and short sentences within different orders for example , 'he let go of the belt and it fell in the roadway with the gear hanging from it. A canteen'.. This may introduce a theme of horror and tension. The road rat is a key part within the novel  as we see the man go up against him and he becomes the hero within the novel. However we now see the man in a different way. We see a contrast within the mans character he becomes violent and dangerous, which could make the reader wonder how different the man is to the 'bad men'.We question his intentions does he just kill and hurt others to protect the boy or does he do it because now, he can?
At the end of this section there is a mention of 'the good guys' this shows a social divide even though there is no existence of society as we know it. However as we are still under the impression that there is 'good guys' and bad guys' it gives the reader the impression that there is still a society within the world, maybe it is not totally destroyed.

Other Symbols and Metaphors in the Novel Monday's starter.

Other Symbols and Metaphors in the Novel Monday's starter.

 -Water, cleaning and washing - This is a luxury to the man and the boy not an necessity, They only wash when they can. During the novel their journey begins to get more dangerous. They can stop less and wash. Therefore when they can wash they appreciate it alot more. The two only really wash when it is really needed, 'i wash dead man's brains out of his hair' . This is when it is a necessity as he cant keep a murdered man's brains in his sons hair. Water becomes more important during the novel as they need it to survive. There is irony used at the end of the novel as they are on the setting of a beach with a water surrounding them however they cant drink it as it is grey and salty. They want it but they cant have it.                                 The meaning of water stays the same throughout the novel as there is a constant struggle to find the water and keep themselves hydrated.

-The mountain - In my opinion the meaning stays the same. 

 -The sea - At the start of the novel the sea symbolises hope and serenity. It represents their happiness. Although when they reach the beach it shows disappointment and symbolises their journey being over and pointless. The beach was meant to be their saviour however it was just another disappointment.

-The colour grey  Ash- The grey colour represents the dull days. The meaning of the grey ash stays the same throughout the novel. Hopelessness and an unforgettable destroyed world. 

-Fire - 'we carry the fire'  In a way i think the fire represents a hope for a new world, they are carrying the fire to the new world. If they ever find it. I personally think the man came up with this rouse to make the boy believe that they will be happy eventually again and they wont have to run anymore. The fire is like a childish way for the man and the boy to forgot about the horrid world outside of their bleak life.                             'you have to carry the fire' - this gives the boy hope for his life without the man. 

-Sight/sightlessness - Sight could symbolises sadness. Why would anybody want to see the horror's of the dark damp world.

-Seeds -  Seeds show hope for new life. 

-Music/musical instruments - The music within the novel could show happiness, remind them of the old life when there was joy like music. 

-Animal imagery -

-The coca-cola can - Sharing the coca-cola can that the two find is a big moment for the man and the boy. It shows their bond between each other. This is the boys first fizzy drink. The can shows how deprived the world is now. We take coke for granted however now this could be the last coke left in the world for all we know?

Symbolism in the Novel.

1. The road or journey has often been used as a metaphor for life itself – the journey from birth to death.

The road may represent life as the man lives and dies on the road. It could be argued that the man is walking to his death. The two grow on the road, they change and mold into the people they are.The boy grows in to a positive and moral character. All the boy has ever know is the road, he has been brought up travelling along in the dark of night and the foggy days, his life began on the journey and may possibly finish on the same path however we don't find out as the boy is left walking along the road with the mysterious new family. Although the man is close to death we still see how he has changed throughout the novel and his journey along the dreary road, 'you have my whole heart. You always did' as the man is dieing we finally see the emotion between the man and the boy. It is as if the dark and long journey down the road has changed the man, he has grown to show the boy that it is okay to love something or someone. The man hid his emotion for so long i think this could be because his wife wanted him to hate her before her death. She hurt him. The man has never got over her death so he is never really open to his son until now. This shows the change throughout his life. The journey along the road represents the change within the mans life and how he dies happier now he has let out all of his feelings. I agree with this metaphor as many people live and die on that same road.  
  
2. In American culture, the road is an important symbol. America is a large country and crossing the continent has been seen symbolically as representing a pioneering spirit – striking out into the unknown – or searching for oneself. Many classic American novels (and films) make a journey by road the focus for the narrative, for instance John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, Jack Kerouac’s On The Road or the film Thelma and Louise.

I agree that it could be argued that the man has a pioneering spirit. He is symbolised as a head- strong character that knows what he needs. This could be because of his past life? Maybe he was a soldier? Or a spy. He understand the world now, its as if he was trained for the end of the world, this is why he has a leading spirit. In my opinion McCarthy uses the road to present an adventurous narrative within the novel. It is a journey that represents hope. Where will it lead? Happiness or just more sadness? The reader follows the road as if they were there with the man and the boy. Although the man and the boy could be presented as having a pioneering personality, they  have this kind of  pioneering spirit because they have to. They have to keep following the road to survive. They don't want to give up because they don't want to die.The two are determined, they are determined to make it to the south to be safe. Therefore the road shows determination within the book, it shows hope. The road is an endless path. The road is symbolised as a endless path of sorrow, that no one knows if it will lead to happiness.

3. The epic journey has a much longer literary and cultural history. Going back to Greek literature, in Homer’s The Odyssey, Ulysses goes on a long journey and encounters many tests and trials, both physical and mental, before returning to his homeland. The epic work The Divine Comedy by the Italian medieval poet Dante shows the poet on a journey in the afterlife, to Hell, Purgatory and Heaven. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, shows the pilgrim Christian leaving his home in this world and travelling to the ‘Celestial City’. Gulliver’s Travels is a fantastical journey to other worlds, in which the main character discovers more about his own world by contrast with the societies he encounters.

I agree the journey shows tests for the man and the boy. The man is tested, 'just help him papa, help him' the boy is testing his father. Will he show morals and help a man who has wronged? Will he give a man a second chance in life, or will he take no pitty on the weak. 
There are mental challenges for the man, challenges he can not overcome, 'i cant hold my son dead in my arms. i thought i could but i cant'. This is the constant challenge presented to the man throughout the whole of the novel however in the end we understand this challenge is just to hard for the man. He is distraught at the thought of this mental and physical challenge. The man is shown as a strong character and nothing can knock him down although towards the end of the novel we see his character deteriorate, we see he is not as unyielding as we once thought. In my opinion the road finally cracks the man's hard exterior. It gradually breaks his spirits, once he See's there is no hope left at the beach, he cannot keep going down the dark and gloomy road that never seems to end.

4. The journey as a structure for a novel implies a particular kind of pattern, where there are episodes along the way. The journey involves meeting new challenges and dangers, the chance of luck to bring fortune or difficulties, and is often structured around a struggle for survival, away from the routine and security of a home environment.

The journey along the road is split up into sections as if they were chapters. The road has so many challenges along the way that it could be presented  and symbolised as hopelessness. Eventually everyone along the road will have to give up as there will always be a new challenge around every dingy corner. One day it will be a challenge that they can not defeat. There is a on-going struggle for survival as the man and the boy are always searching for food. They are always hiding from the 'bad men'. The only routine the man and the boy have is the constant mention of breakfast and dinner. This shows the man wants to keep an inch of routine in the boys life, this will show the boy some normality.

- I was a little un-sure on this task.